A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs

HOME

HELP

FEEDBACK

SUBSCRIPTIONS

Articles

A classification of antiarrhythmic actions reassessed after a decade of new drugs

EM Vaughan Williams

The past decade has seen the introduction of many new class 1 drugs, restricting fast inward current. Confirmative evidence has been obtained that the antiarrthymic action of lidocaine and diphenylhydantoin is indeed due to their effect as class 1 agents depressing conduction. The original class 3 drug, amiodarone, is increasingly in use as an antiarrhythmic of first choice for WPW and for arrhythmias associated with hypertrophic myopathy, and as a reserve drug in resistant arrhythmias of other types. Other compounds delaying repolarization have proved to be clinically effective as antiarrhythmics. In addition to their class 2 antiarrhythymic action exhibited acutely, on long-term treatment beta blockers have a class 3 action, which might be, at least in part, responsible for the protection of postinfarction patients against sudden death. Recent research suggests that inhibition of slow inward current may lead, as a secondary consequence of lowered [Ca]i, to improved cell-to-cell conduction. Finally, all but one of the new antiarrhythmic drugs, none of which existed in 1972, have turned out to possess one or more of the four classes of action originally described. This can hardly be a coincidence. The single exception, alinidine, a selective bradycardic agent, may restrict anionic currents, which would constitute a fifth class of action, but this is far from proved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

R. Nieuwlaat, M. H. Prins, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, P. E. Vardas, E. Aliot, M. Santini, S. M. Cobbe, J. W.M.G. Widdershoven, L. H. Baur, S. Levy, et al.
Prognosis, disease progression, and treatment of atrial fibrillation patients during 1 year: follow-up of the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation
Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2008; 29(9): 1181 - 1189.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. H. Levy, K. A. Tanaka, and J. M. Bailey
Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology
Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 77 - 110.
[Full Text]

Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1064 - 1108.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death)
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): e247 - e346.
[Full Text] [PDF]

D. P. Zipes, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.
Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2099 - 2140.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Writing Committee Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 651 - 745.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837.
[Full Text] [PDF]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 854 - 906.
[Full Text] [PDF]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): e149 - e246.
[Full Text] [PDF]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): e257 - e354.
[Full Text] [PDF]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): 700 - 752.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Authors/Task Force Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society
Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2006; 27(16): 1979 - 2030.
[Full Text] [PDF]

R. Nieuwlaat, A. Capucci, A. J. Camm, S. B. Olsson, D. Andresen, D. W. Davies, S. Cobbe, G. Breithardt, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, M. H. Prins, et al.
Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC Member Countries: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation
Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2005; 26(22): 2422 - 2434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. Thompson and J. R. Balser
Perioperative cardiac arrhythmias
Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2004; 93(1): 86 - 94.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J. Langerveld, N. M. van Hemel, J. C. Kelder, J. M. P. G. Ernst, H. W. M. Plokker, and W. Jaarsma
Long-term follow-up of cardiac rhythm after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy: Does atrial fibrillation persist?
Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(1): 47 - 53.
[Abstract] [PDF]

J. M. Bailey, K. A. Tanaka, and J. H. Levy
Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology
Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 85 - 118.
[Full Text]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2118 - 2150.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923.
[PDF]

V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al.
ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 1, 2001; 38(4): 1231 - 1265.
[Full Text] [PDF]

D. Escande
Inhibition of repolarizing ionic currents by drugs
Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2001; 3(suppl_K): K17 - K22.
[Abstract] [PDF]

B. Brendorp, H. Elming, L. Jun, L. Kober, M. Malik, G. B. Jensen, and C. Torp-Pedersen
QTc Interval as a Guide to Select Those Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and Reduced Left Ventricular Systolic Function Who Will Benefit From Antiarrhythmic Treatment With Dofetilide
Circulation, March 13, 2001; 103(10): 1422 - 1427.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

J C Hancox, K C R Patel, and J V Jones
Antiarrhythmics---from cell to clinic: past, present, and future
Heart, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 14 - 24.
[Full Text] [PDF]

D. Poisson, M.-O. Christen, and F. Sannajust
Protective Effects of I1-Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine against Neurogenic Cardiac Arrhythmias in Halothane-Anesthetized Rabbits
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2000; 293(3): 929 - 938.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

H. Tachibana, M. Yamaki, I. Kubota, T. Watanabe, S. Yamauchi, and H. Tomoike
Intracoronary Flecainide Induces ST Alternans and Reentrant Arrhythmia on Intact Canine Heart : A Role of 4-Aminopyridine�Sensitive Current
Circulation, March 30, 1999; 99(12): 1637 - 1643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

A. L. Cogolludo, F. Perez-Vizcaino, and J. Tamargo
Antagonism by Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs of Levcromakalim-Induced Relaxation in Isolated Rat Aorta
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 1998; 287(1): 81 - 86.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

A. Sunami, S. C. Dudley Jr., and H. A. Fozzard
Sodium channel selectivity filter regulates antiarrhythmic�drug�binding
PNAS, December 9, 1997; 94(25): 14126 - 14131.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

G. Loussouarn, F. Charpentier, R. Mohammad-Panah, K. Kunzelmann, I. Baró, and D. Escande
KvLQT1 Potassium Channel but Not IsK Is the Molecular Target for trans-6-Cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chromane
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 1997; 52(6): 1131 - 1136.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

I. Kodama, K. Kamiya, and J. Toyama
Cellular electropharmacology of amiodarone
Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1997; 35(1): 13 - 29.
[Full Text] [PDF]

G. K. Feld and Yongmei Cha
Electrophysiologic Effects of the New Class III Antiarrhythmic Drug Dofetilide in an Experimental Canine Model of Pacing-induced Atrial Fibrillation
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1997; 2(3): 195 - 203.
[Abstract] [PDF]

J.-L. Demolis, C. Funck-Brentano, J. Ropers, M. Ghadanfar, D. J. Nichols, and P. Jaillon
Influence of Dofetilide on QT-Interval Duration and Dispersion at Various Heart Rates During Exercise in Humans
Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1592 - 1599.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

J. X. Kang and A. Leaf
Antiarrhythmic Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Recent Studies
Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1774 - 1780.
[Full Text]

K. Nademanee, H. E. Noll, and G. K. Feld
Effects of Sotalol on His-Purkinje Conduction and Refractoriness in Humans
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1996; 1(1): 9 - 16.
[Abstract] [PDF]

J. Kiehn, B. Wible, E. Ficker, M. Taglialatela, and A.M. Brown
Cloned Human Inward Rectifier K+ Channel as a Target for Class III Methanesulfonanilides
Circ. Res., December 1, 1995; 77(6): 1151 - 1155.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

M. Tominaga, M. Horie, S. Sasayama, and Y. Okada
Glibenclamide, an ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Blocker, Inhibits Cardiac cAMP-Activated Cl- Conductance
Circ. Res., August 1, 1995; 77(2): 417 - 423.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

R. J. Straka and P. S. Marshall
The Clinical Significance of the Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Medications
Journal of Pharmacy Practice, January 1, 1992; 5(6): 337 - 361.
[Abstract] [PDF]

L. Sorbera and M Morad
Atrionatriuretic peptide transforms cardiac sodium channels into calcium-conducting channels
Science, February 23, 1990; 247(4945): 969 - 973.
[Abstract] [PDF]

				J. H. Levy, K. A. Tanaka, and J. M. Bailey Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 77 - 110. [Full Text]

				Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1064 - 1108. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. P. Zipes, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2099 - 2140. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Writing Committee Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 651 - 745. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, J. E. Lowe, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 854 - 906. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Authors/Task Force Members, V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, A. B. Curtis, K. A. Ellenbogen, J. L. Halperin, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, G. N. Kay, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2006; 27(16): 1979 - 2030. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Nieuwlaat, A. Capucci, A. J. Camm, S. B. Olsson, D. Andresen, D. W. Davies, S. Cobbe, G. Breithardt, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, M. H. Prins, et al. Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC Member Countries: The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2005; 26(22): 2422 - 2434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Thompson and J. R. Balser Perioperative cardiac arrhythmias Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2004; 93(1): 86 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Langerveld, N. M. van Hemel, J. C. Kelder, J. M. P. G. Ernst, H. W. M. Plokker, and W. Jaarsma Long-term follow-up of cardiac rhythm after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy: Does atrial fibrillation persist? Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(1): 47 - 53. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. M. Bailey, K. A. Tanaka, and J. H. Levy Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 85 - 118. [Full Text]

				V. Fuster, L. E. Ryden, R. W. Asinger, D. S. Cannom, H. J. Crijns, R. L. Frye, J. L. Halperin, G. N. Kay, W. W. Klein, S. Levy, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Circulation, October 23, 2001; 104(17): 2118 - 2150. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2001; 22(20): 1852 - 1923. [PDF]

				D. Escande Inhibition of repolarizing ionic currents by drugs Eur. Heart J. Suppl., September 1, 2001; 3(suppl_K): K17 - K22. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Brendorp, H. Elming, L. Jun, L. Kober, M. Malik, G. B. Jensen, and C. Torp-Pedersen QTc Interval as a Guide to Select Those Patients With Congestive Heart Failure and Reduced Left Ventricular Systolic Function Who Will Benefit From Antiarrhythmic Treatment With Dofetilide Circulation, March 13, 2001; 103(10): 1422 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J C Hancox, K C R Patel, and J V Jones Antiarrhythmics---from cell to clinic: past, present, and future Heart, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 14 - 24. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Poisson, M.-O. Christen, and F. Sannajust Protective Effects of I1-Antihypertensive Agent Moxonidine against Neurogenic Cardiac Arrhythmias in Halothane-Anesthetized Rabbits J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2000; 293(3): 929 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				H. Tachibana, M. Yamaki, I. Kubota, T. Watanabe, S. Yamauchi, and H. Tomoike Intracoronary Flecainide Induces ST Alternans and Reentrant Arrhythmia on Intact Canine Heart : A Role of 4-Aminopyridine�Sensitive Current Circulation, March 30, 1999; 99(12): 1637 - 1643. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Cogolludo, F. Perez-Vizcaino, and J. Tamargo Antagonism by Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs of Levcromakalim-Induced Relaxation in Isolated Rat Aorta J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 1998; 287(1): 81 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Sunami, S. C. Dudley Jr., and H. A. Fozzard Sodium channel selectivity filter regulates antiarrhythmic�drug�binding PNAS, December 9, 1997; 94(25): 14126 - 14131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Loussouarn, F. Charpentier, R. Mohammad-Panah, K. Kunzelmann, I. Baró, and D. Escande KvLQT1 Potassium Channel but Not IsK Is the Molecular Target for trans-6-Cyano-4-(N-ethylsulfonyl-N-methylamino)-3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chromane Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 1997; 52(6): 1131 - 1136. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				I. Kodama, K. Kamiya, and J. Toyama Cellular electropharmacology of amiodarone Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1997; 35(1): 13 - 29. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. K. Feld and Yongmei Cha Electrophysiologic Effects of the New Class III Antiarrhythmic Drug Dofetilide in an Experimental Canine Model of Pacing-induced Atrial Fibrillation Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1997; 2(3): 195 - 203. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J.-L. Demolis, C. Funck-Brentano, J. Ropers, M. Ghadanfar, D. J. Nichols, and P. Jaillon Influence of Dofetilide on QT-Interval Duration and Dispersion at Various Heart Rates During Exercise in Humans Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1592 - 1599. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. X. Kang and A. Leaf Antiarrhythmic Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Recent Studies Circulation, October 1, 1996; 94(7): 1774 - 1780. [Full Text]

				K. Nademanee, H. E. Noll, and G. K. Feld Effects of Sotalol on His-Purkinje Conduction and Refractoriness in Humans Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1996; 1(1): 9 - 16. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Kiehn, B. Wible, E. Ficker, M. Taglialatela, and A.M. Brown Cloned Human Inward Rectifier K+ Channel as a Target for Class III Methanesulfonanilides Circ. Res., December 1, 1995; 77(6): 1151 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Tominaga, M. Horie, S. Sasayama, and Y. Okada Glibenclamide, an ATP-Sensitive K+ Channel Blocker, Inhibits Cardiac cAMP-Activated Cl- Conductance Circ. Res., August 1, 1995; 77(2): 417 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. J. Straka and P. S. Marshall The Clinical Significance of the Pharmacogenetics of Cardiovascular Medications Journal of Pharmacy Practice, January 1, 1992; 5(6): 337 - 361. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. Sorbera and M Morad Atrionatriuretic peptide transforms cardiac sodium channels into calcium-conducting channels Science, February 23, 1990; 247(4945): 969 - 973. [Abstract] [PDF]