J Clin Pharmacol
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PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS

The Pharmacokinetics of Enoxaparin Do Not Correlate With Its Pharmacodynamic Effect in Patients Receiving Dialysis Therapies

Donald F. Brophy, PharmD, Marcus E. Carr, Jr, MD, PhD, Erika J. Martin, MT (ASCP), Jürgen Venitz, MD, PhD, FCP and Todd W. B. Gehr, MD

From the Department of Pharmacy (Dr Brophy), Internal Medicine (Dr Brophy, Dr Carr, Dr Gehr), Coagulation Special Studies Laboratory (Dr Brophy, Dr Carr, Ms Martin), and Pharmaceutics (Dr Venitz), Virginia Commonwealth University/Medical College of Virginia (VCU/MCV), Richmond, Virginia, and Hemodyne, Inc, Richmond, Virginia (Dr Carr, Ms Martin).

The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enoxaparin were studied in healthy volunteers and hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis subjects. Antifactor Xa activity estimated the pharmacokinetics, whereas thrombin generation time (TGT) estimated the pharmacodynamics. Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg was given subcutaneously to all subjects. Antifactor Xa Amax and AUC0-12 were similar between groups, but the TGTmax was significantly greater in the dialysis groups (P = .001). The thrombin generation time remained significantly more prolonged throughout the 12-hour study period, and there was a trend toward greater TGT AUEC0-12 for both dialysis groups (P = .07). Patients receiving hemodialysis had greater sensitivity to enoxaparin compared to the other groups. These results suggest that in dialysis patients, there may be accumulation of active heparin metabolites that are undetected by the antifactor Xa assay. Therefore, these subjects exhibit greater thrombin generation time prolongation despite similar antifactor Xa exposure. Further large-scale studies are needed to corroborate the results of this exploratory pilot study.

Key Words: Thrombin generation time • antifactor Xa activity • enoxaparin • low–molecular weight heparin • dialysis


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